Top Stories - Tumor Microenvironment

Dr. Danielle Murphy (right)
Normal in development,...

It’s an amazing and frightening thought: some of the same genetic signaling that shapes the...

Dr. Maria Diaz-Meco (left), professor and senior author, and Dr. Angeles Duran, research assistant professor and one of the study’s first authors
How cells sense nutrients and...

In cancer, genes turn on and off at the wrong times, proteins aren’t folded properly, and cellular...

Dr. Jorge Moscat and Dr. Maria Diaz-Meco
Fueling cancer cell growth

May is National Cancer Research Month, created by Congress in 2007 to recognize the American...

Drug discovery case study: invadopodia and cancer metastasis

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Editor’s note: this is the first in a series of posts highlighting drug screening studies in our Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics. Read the second post here.

To metastasize, some types of cancer cells rely on invadopodia, cellular membrane projections that help them “walk” away from the primary tumor. To determine how cells control invadopodia formation, scientists at Sanford-Burnham took advantage of the technology and expertise of the Institute’s Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics to screen a collection of pharmacologically active compounds to identify those that either promote or inhibit the process.

The study identified several compounds that block invadopodia and found that many of the compounds targeted Cdks, a family of enzymes that were not previously associated with invadopodia. One of these enzymes, Cdk5, is required for the formation and function of invadopodia and for cellular invasion.

Meet a cancer researcher: Aman Mann

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On June 5, 2012, California voters will have an opportunity to consider Proposition 29, also known as the California Cancer Research Act. Prop 29’s goal is to provide funding for cancer research by increasing the tax on a pack of cigarettes by $1. Sanford-Burnham’s Board of Trustees endorsed Prop 29 in September 2011. The University of California Regents has also voted to support it, along with the American Cancer Society, American Lung Association, American Heart Association, Stand Up To Cancer, and the Lance Armstrong Foundation (Livestrong).

We are presenting a series of blog posts to allow you to meet some of our cancer researchers and gain a better understanding of how the projected $735 million generated annually by the passing of Prop 29 would benefit cancer research in California.

Meet Aman Mann, Ph.D., a postdoctoral researcher in Sanford-Burnham’s NCI-designated Cancer Center.

Meet a cancer researcher: Christine Gould

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On June 5, 2012, California voters will have an opportunity to consider Proposition 29, also known as the California Cancer Research Act. Prop 29’s goal is to provide funding for cancer research by increasing the tax on a pack of cigarettes by $1. Sanford-Burnham’s Board of Trustees endorsed Prop 29 in September 2011. The University of California Regents has also voted to support it, along with the American Cancer Society, American Lung Association, American Heart Association, Stand Up To Cancer, and the Lance Armstrong Foundation (Livestrong).

We are presenting a series of blog posts to allow you to meet some of our cancer researchers and gain a better understanding of how the projected $735 million generated annually by the passing of Prop 29 would benefit cancer research in California.

Meet Christine Gould, Ph.D., a postdoctoral researcher in Sanford-Burnham’s NCI-designated Cancer Center.

Attacking “bad carbs” to fight ovarian cancer

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Carbohydrates are not only found in many of the foods that we love to eat (think bread and pasta), they also coat the surfaces of all cells in the body. What’s more, when a healthy cell becomes a cancer cell, the surface carbohydrates (also known as glycoproteins) are sometimes altered in a way that can contribute to tumor growth and metastasis.

Glycobiology, the study of glycoproteins and their role in human health, is a relatively underappreciated scientific field. But identifying cancer cell glycoproteins and understanding their part in cancer is a focus of Michiko Fukuda, Ph.D.’s laboratory. As she puts it, “Many people don’t want to think a lot about carbohydrates.”

Shrinking tumors with homing peptide

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The trouble with most anti-cancer therapies is that they are lethal to most cells in the body, not just cancer cells. As a result, patients experience side effects like nausea, increased susceptibility to infection, and increased risk of developing secondary cancers later in life. Researchers at Sanford-Burnham are developing techniques to deliver cancer drugs directly to tumors, increasing their effectiveness and decreasing collateral damage.

In a study published the week of November 21 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a team led by Dr. Michiko Fukuda coupled a cancer drug to a small protein called IF7, which is specifically attracted to the blood vessels that feed tumors. When administered in a mouse model of human colon cancer, IF7 carried the drug directly to tumors, where it suppressed growth at low dosages and with no apparent side effects. These findings suggest that IF7 is an efficient drug delivery vehicle that could be further exploited to target a variety of anti-cancer therapeutics where they’re needed most, without harming other tissues.

How cells sense nutrients and fuel cancer cell growth

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In cancer, genes turn on and off at the wrong times, proteins aren’t folded properly, and cellular growth and proliferation get out of control. Even a cancer cell’s metabolism goes haywire, as it loses the ability to appropriately sense nutrients and use them to generate energy. One particular piece of cellular machinery that is known to malfunction in a number of cancers is a group of proteins called mTORC1. This master control center coordinates many cellular functions by sensing external signals such as nutrients and growth factors and telling cells how to respond.

Now, in a paper published October 7 in Molecular Cell, Sanford-Burnham scientists have identified a new member of the mTORC1 team—a protein called p62—that is crucial to the cell’s response to dietary amino acids. This finding provides new information about mTORC1 and its role in cellular metabolism in both normal cells and cancer cells. What’s more, it provides scientists with a new therapeutic target for cancers in which mTORC1 malfunctions.

Normal in development, abnormal in cancer

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It’s an amazing and frightening thought: some of the same genetic signaling that shapes the development of an embryo also drives the spread of cancer. But that’s what a new study by Dr. Sara Courtneidge’s lab suggests.

Dr. Courtneidge’s lab primarily studies cancer metastasis—the spread of cancer from a tumor to another part of the body. Cancer cells do this by moving from the tumor through the vasculature and into the extracellular matrix, which provides structural support for tissues and organs. A few years ago, Dr. Courtneidge’s lab showed that cancer cells rely on a protein called Tks5 to form invadopodia, structures on the surface of cells that enable cancer cells to “walk” from one place in the body to another.

Cell migration, of course, is not a process unique to cancer and occurs during other normal and disease states. For example, cells move to the site of a wound during healing, during angiogenesis when new blood vessels form in response to injury, and during an immune response to infection. Cell migration is also crucial during embryonic development. So the Courtneidge lab decided to unravel Tks5’s role in development using the tiny zebrafish as an experimental model.

The San Diego Foundation supports science

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At a time when scientists are having increasing difficulty acquiring financial support from federal sources, alternative sources of funding are becoming more important for maintaining the momentum of critical research at universities, research institutes and even industrial laboratories. At Sanford-Burnham, research assistant professor Dr. Kazuki N. Sugahara was recently awarded a one-year, $75,000 grant from The San Diego Foundation, via the The Blasker-Rose-Miah Fund. This marks one of the few times that a Sanford-Burnham investigator has received funding from this source, underscoring the novelty and importance of the project. This key piece of local funding will allow Dr. Sugahara to continue his research on the use of tissue-penetrating peptides that can detect developing tumors and enhance the delivery of cancer therapeutic drugs.

Fueling cancer cell growth

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May is National Cancer Research Month, created by Congress in 2007 to recognize the American Association of Cancer Research (AACR) for its contributions to the field. To honor AACR and highlight some of the important cancer research being done at Sanford-Burnham, we will be posting a series of articles on the ongoing work in our National Cancer Institute-designated Cancer Center. The vast majority of this research is made possible by funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which includes the National Cancer Institute (NCI).

Fifty years ago, cancer biologists were convinced that understanding cancer metabolism would lead to a cure, until discoveries about cancer genetics shifted the research focus in other directions. But now the pendulum is swinging back , renewing interest in metabolism’s role in cancer.

Dr. Jorge Moscat and Dr. Maria Diaz-Meco, who both recently arrived at Sanford-Burnham from the University of Cincinnati, have been working together for more than twenty years to understand the mechanisms that allow cancer cells to grow at such a breakneck pace. Their investigations have led them to a network of proteins characterized by having PB1 domains. This  network of proteins controls inflammation, how cells communicate with each other, and how they sense nutrients—all key drivers of cancer growth.

For example, the PB1-containing scaffold protein p62 regulates an enzyme called protein kinase C zeta (PKCZ), which is often missing in human cancers. PKCZ is a tumor suppressor that prevents inflammation and ensures that cells remain sensitive to nutrient levels. Cells without PKCZ get reprogrammed to endure food scarcity.

“If they lack this gene, they don’t care if glucose is unavailable,” says Dr. Moscat, “they just use other nutrients.”

Leaders among peers

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Sanford-Burnham scientists are leading several exciting symposia over the next few months. Please follow the links below for more event and registration information.

2011 Signaling, Metabolism and Hypoxia Symposium
Chaired by Dr. Ze’ev Ronai

May 6, 2011, 2:00 – 5:30 p.m. (PDT)
Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute
10901 North Torrey Pines Road
La Jolla, California

2011 Glycobiology Gordon Research Conference
Chaired by Dr. Hudson Freeze

May 8 – 13, 2011
Il Ciocco Hotel
Lucca (Barga), Italy

Sanford-Burnham’s 33rd Annual Symposium: Structural Systems Biology
Chaired by members of the Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program
Drs. Adam Godzik, Dorit Hanein, Andrei Osterman, Niels Volkmann

June 7, 2011, 9:00 a.m. – 5:15 p.m. (PDT)
Hilton La Jolla Torrey Pines
La Jolla, California

Cardiomyocyte Regeneration and Protection
Chaired by Dr. Mark Mercola

Sponsored by Abcam
June 20 – 21, 2011
Hilton La Jolla Torrey Pines
La Jolla, California

2011 Molecular Therapeutics of Cancer Research Conference
Chaired by Dr. Sara Courtneidge

Sponsored by the Cancer Molecular Therapeutics Research Association
July 10 – 14, 2011
Asilomar Conference Center
Pacific Grove, California

Seventh General Meeting of the International Proteolysis Society
Chaired by Dr. Guy Salvesen and Dr. Matthew Bogyo

October 16 – 20, 2011
Hilton San Diego Resort and Spa
San Diego, California

Fresh recruits at the immunological frontlines

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The immune system is always standing by, ready to fight infection. Immune cells called lymphocytes and dendritic cellshang out in lymph nodes, surveying the environment for signs of invaders and attacking infected cells when necessary.“It’s crucial that lymphocytes meet dendritic cells in the confined space of a lymph node – they’d have a hard time finding one another in the fast-moving bloodstream,” explains Dr. Minoru Fukuda, professor in Sanford-Burnham’s NCI-Designated Cancer Center.

Dr. Fukuda, along with staff scientist Dr. Xingfeng Bao and their colleagues, recently showed that heparan sulfate – a type of long sugar chain – is responsible for recruiting these immune cells to their lymph node meeting places. Normally, lymphocytes flow through the bloodstream until blood vessel cells rope them in. From there, the immune defenders can squeeze out of the blood stream and into the surrounding tissue or lymphatic system.

Battling metastasis

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Metastasis is a word no one wants to hear. Cells that should never leave their biological home migrate to distant parts of the body. Many things have to go wrong with cellular checks and balances for this to happen, yet it happens all too frequently.

To metastasize, cells must acquire a number of properties, including the abilities to move, survive in the bloodstream, cross tissue boundaries and grow in foreign organs. These last two properties require the activity of proteases, enzymatic proteins that break down other proteins. Dr. Sara Courtneidge, director of Sanford-Burnham’s Tumor Microenvironment Program, studies how the activity of these proteases is controlled by cell surface structures called invadopodia. These finger-like projections from the cell membrane are found in metastatic cancer cells but not in non-invasive cells. Dr. Courtneidge’s laboratory discovered a protein, called Tks5, which controls the formation of these invadopodia in cancer cells.

A Coming Together of Cancer Centers

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A group of top researchers from the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) gathered with their Sanford-Burnham counterparts in La Jolla last week to seek ways the two Cancer Centers could collaborate to translate basic research into new medicines.

‘Must Read’ science

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A recent Courtneidge laboratory paper published in The Journal of Cell Biology was selected as a “Must Read” by the Faculty of 1000(F1000), a prestigious group of scientists who were selected by their peers to represent their respective research fields. F1000 Faculty Members (now actually numbering at more than 2,300 scientists) review, rank and recommend published papers to give other scientists the inside scoop on what they feel are the most important papers in a given field.The paper, co-authored by Dr. Sara Courtneidge and postdoctoral scientist Dr. Manuela Quintavalle, was selected by F1000 Faculty Member Dr. Irina Kaverina, Assistant Professor at Vanderbilt University Medical Center.

Making Cancer Treatments Better

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One of the many challenges of creating effective cancer treatments is getting enough medicine to the tumor to kill it. Many treatments are administered intravenously and blood flow inside tumors is often limited at best. In addition, tumors generate a natural outward pressure, which forces anticancer drugs to “swim upstream.” As a result, treatments must be given in large doses to get more medicine to tumors.